Georg Goldenberg
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- September 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780199591510
- eISBN:
- 9780191756344
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199591510.001.0001
- Subject:
- Psychology, Neuropsychology, Cognitive Neuroscience
The concept of apraxia was shaped by the German psychiatrist Hugo Liepmann some 100 years ago. He suggested that fibers connecting posterior brain regions to the motor cortex are the anatomical ...
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The concept of apraxia was shaped by the German psychiatrist Hugo Liepmann some 100 years ago. He suggested that fibers connecting posterior brain regions to the motor cortex are the anatomical substrate of the conversion of multimodal mental images of intended actions into motor commands. Liepmann’s ideas fell into disgrace during the middle of the twentieth century but were resuscitated in its last third and became dominant for modern research. Alternative approaches agreed with Liepmann in the distinction between high and low levels of motor commands. The book discusses manifestations and aspects of apraxia with an emphasis on the high versus low level of control which is conceptualized as a distinction between cognitive and motor aspects of action control. It concludes that the cognitive nature of apraxia comes to the fore most clearly in three manifestations of apraxia that are exclusively bound to left-hemisphere damage: imitation of meaningless hand postures, use of single mechanical tools, and pantomime of tool use. Their functional communality is a central role for segmentation and combination. For imitation, visual features of the demonstrated gesture are segmented into distinct body parts which are combined for reproducing the posture. For tool use the structures of tool and recipient are segmented into functionally significant traits which are combined to form mechanical chains, and for pantomime the compound image of hand, action, and object is segmented into distinctive features of the object and the acting hand which are combined to form a comprehensible image of the object and its use.Less
The concept of apraxia was shaped by the German psychiatrist Hugo Liepmann some 100 years ago. He suggested that fibers connecting posterior brain regions to the motor cortex are the anatomical substrate of the conversion of multimodal mental images of intended actions into motor commands. Liepmann’s ideas fell into disgrace during the middle of the twentieth century but were resuscitated in its last third and became dominant for modern research. Alternative approaches agreed with Liepmann in the distinction between high and low levels of motor commands. The book discusses manifestations and aspects of apraxia with an emphasis on the high versus low level of control which is conceptualized as a distinction between cognitive and motor aspects of action control. It concludes that the cognitive nature of apraxia comes to the fore most clearly in three manifestations of apraxia that are exclusively bound to left-hemisphere damage: imitation of meaningless hand postures, use of single mechanical tools, and pantomime of tool use. Their functional communality is a central role for segmentation and combination. For imitation, visual features of the demonstrated gesture are segmented into distinct body parts which are combined for reproducing the posture. For tool use the structures of tool and recipient are segmented into functionally significant traits which are combined to form mechanical chains, and for pantomime the compound image of hand, action, and object is segmented into distinctive features of the object and the acting hand which are combined to form a comprehensible image of the object and its use.
Hans-Otto Karnath, A. David Milner, and Giuseppe Vallar (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780198508335
- eISBN:
- 9780191687327
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198508335.001.0001
- Subject:
- Psychology, Neuropsychology
Spatial neglect is a disorder of space-related behaviour. It is characterized by failure to explore the side of space contralateral to a brain lesion, or to react or respond to stimuli or subjects ...
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Spatial neglect is a disorder of space-related behaviour. It is characterized by failure to explore the side of space contralateral to a brain lesion, or to react or respond to stimuli or subjects located on this side. Research on spatial neglect and related disorders has developed rapidly in recent years. These advances have been made as a result of neuropsychological studies of patients with brain damage and behavioural studies of animal models, as well as through functional neurophysiological experiments and functional neuroimaging. This book provides an overview of this wide-ranging field, providing a cohesive synthesis of the most recent observations and results. The study of spatial neglect helps us to understand normal mechanisms of directing and maintaining spatial attention and is relevant to the contemporary search for the cerebral correlates of conscious experience, voluntary action and the nature of personal identity itself. The book is divided into seven sections covering the anatomical and neurophysiological bases of the disorder, frameworks of neglect, perceptual and motor factors, the relation to attention, the cognitive processes involved, and strategies for rehabilitation.Less
Spatial neglect is a disorder of space-related behaviour. It is characterized by failure to explore the side of space contralateral to a brain lesion, or to react or respond to stimuli or subjects located on this side. Research on spatial neglect and related disorders has developed rapidly in recent years. These advances have been made as a result of neuropsychological studies of patients with brain damage and behavioural studies of animal models, as well as through functional neurophysiological experiments and functional neuroimaging. This book provides an overview of this wide-ranging field, providing a cohesive synthesis of the most recent observations and results. The study of spatial neglect helps us to understand normal mechanisms of directing and maintaining spatial attention and is relevant to the contemporary search for the cerebral correlates of conscious experience, voluntary action and the nature of personal identity itself. The book is divided into seven sections covering the anatomical and neurophysiological bases of the disorder, frameworks of neglect, perceptual and motor factors, the relation to attention, the cognitive processes involved, and strategies for rehabilitation.
A. David Milner (ed.)
- Published in print:
- 1998
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780198524113
- eISBN:
- 9780191689116
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198524113.001.0001
- Subject:
- Psychology, Neuropsychology
This book has been prepared as a tribute to the late George Ettlinger, one of the leading figures in comparative neuropsychology research over the last forty years, and reflects research in the many ...
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This book has been prepared as a tribute to the late George Ettlinger, one of the leading figures in comparative neuropsychology research over the last forty years, and reflects research in the many areas where Ettlinger made a particular contribution to our understanding. Taking as their starting point the assumption that the human brain shares many of its most important functional systems with its primate relatives, the chapteres take a comparative evolutionary approach to understanding human cognition and brain function. The book's fifteen chapters cover a wide range of subject areas, including memory, visual and somatosensory perception, motor control, attention, cross-modality integration, interhemispheric transmission, and behavioural intelligence. The final chapters of the book critically discuss questions basic to the comparative enterprise: whether we can in fact apply concepts derived from human cognitive psychology to primate neuropsychology, and whether there are evolutionary discontinuities in cortical brain structure among the higher primate species.Less
This book has been prepared as a tribute to the late George Ettlinger, one of the leading figures in comparative neuropsychology research over the last forty years, and reflects research in the many areas where Ettlinger made a particular contribution to our understanding. Taking as their starting point the assumption that the human brain shares many of its most important functional systems with its primate relatives, the chapteres take a comparative evolutionary approach to understanding human cognition and brain function. The book's fifteen chapters cover a wide range of subject areas, including memory, visual and somatosensory perception, motor control, attention, cross-modality integration, interhemispheric transmission, and behavioural intelligence. The final chapters of the book critically discuss questions basic to the comparative enterprise: whether we can in fact apply concepts derived from human cognitive psychology to primate neuropsychology, and whether there are evolutionary discontinuities in cortical brain structure among the higher primate species.
Lucia M. Vaina and Richard E. Passingham (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- January 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780198749783
- eISBN:
- 9780191831638
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198749783.001.0001
- Subject:
- Psychology, Neuropsychology
In the late 1960s and early 1970s David Marr produced three astonishing papers in which he gave a detailed account of how the fine structure and known cell types of the cerebellum, hippocampus and ...
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In the late 1960s and early 1970s David Marr produced three astonishing papers in which he gave a detailed account of how the fine structure and known cell types of the cerebellum, hippocampus and neocortex perform the functions that they do. He later went on to be one of the main founders of Computational Neuroscience. In his book on Vision he distinguished between the computational, algorithmic and implementational levels, and the three early theories concerned implementation. However, they were produced when Neuroscience was in its infancy. Now that so much more is known it is time to revisit these early theories to see to what extent they are still valid and what needs to be altered to produce viable theories that stand up to current evidence. This book has gathered some of the most distinguished international contributors to do this. After a general introduction there are three chapters on the cerebellum, three on the hippocampus and two on the neocortex. The book ends with an appreciation of the life of David Marr by Lucia Vaina.Less
In the late 1960s and early 1970s David Marr produced three astonishing papers in which he gave a detailed account of how the fine structure and known cell types of the cerebellum, hippocampus and neocortex perform the functions that they do. He later went on to be one of the main founders of Computational Neuroscience. In his book on Vision he distinguished between the computational, algorithmic and implementational levels, and the three early theories concerned implementation. However, they were produced when Neuroscience was in its infancy. Now that so much more is known it is time to revisit these early theories to see to what extent they are still valid and what needs to be altered to produce viable theories that stand up to current evidence. This book has gathered some of the most distinguished international contributors to do this. After a general introduction there are three chapters on the cerebellum, three on the hippocampus and two on the neocortex. The book ends with an appreciation of the life of David Marr by Lucia Vaina.
Jan Bures, F. Bermudez-Rattoni, and T. Yamamoto
- Published in print:
- 1998
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780198523475
- eISBN:
- 9780191712678
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198523475.001.0001
- Subject:
- Psychology, Neuropsychology
Conditioned taste aversion (CTA) is a robust defence device protecting animals against the repeated consumption of toxic food. CTA is due to an association of the gustatory conditional stimulus (CS) ...
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Conditioned taste aversion (CTA) is a robust defence device protecting animals against the repeated consumption of toxic food. CTA is due to an association of the gustatory conditional stimulus (CS) with the delayed visceral unconditional stimulus (US). Chapter 1 gives a brief survey of the history of CTA. Chapter 2 describes the methodology of behavioral tests undertaken. Chapter 3 reviews the centers in the brainstem, the diencephalon and insular cortex: the removal of which interferes with CTA. Chapter 4 deals with CTA disruption by local inactivation of insular cortex and of various extracortical regions. Chapter 5 describes drugs which can serve as US in CTA experiments or can block CTA retrieval. Chapter 6 describes the electrophysiology of neurons during formation or retrieval of CTA. Chapter 7 analyzes the interaction of gustatory and visceral afferents manifested by c-fos early genes. Chapter 8 concentrates on the possible repair of CTA blocking lesions by transplantation of fetal grafts. Chapter 9 discusses the paradoxes of CTA research, e.g., learning without awareness, CTA formed during blockade of proteosynthesis, or by rewarding drugs.Less
Conditioned taste aversion (CTA) is a robust defence device protecting animals against the repeated consumption of toxic food. CTA is due to an association of the gustatory conditional stimulus (CS) with the delayed visceral unconditional stimulus (US). Chapter 1 gives a brief survey of the history of CTA. Chapter 2 describes the methodology of behavioral tests undertaken. Chapter 3 reviews the centers in the brainstem, the diencephalon and insular cortex: the removal of which interferes with CTA. Chapter 4 deals with CTA disruption by local inactivation of insular cortex and of various extracortical regions. Chapter 5 describes drugs which can serve as US in CTA experiments or can block CTA retrieval. Chapter 6 describes the electrophysiology of neurons during formation or retrieval of CTA. Chapter 7 analyzes the interaction of gustatory and visceral afferents manifested by c-fos early genes. Chapter 8 concentrates on the possible repair of CTA blocking lesions by transplantation of fetal grafts. Chapter 9 discusses the paradoxes of CTA research, e.g., learning without awareness, CTA formed during blockade of proteosynthesis, or by rewarding drugs.
Peter W. Halligan and Derick T. Wade (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780198526544
- eISBN:
- 9780191689420
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198526544.001.0001
- Subject:
- Psychology, Neuropsychology
Many patients with brain damage are left with a range of neuropsychological deficits that impair normal cognitive process. It is generally recognised that these less ...
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Many patients with brain damage are left with a range of neuropsychological deficits that impair normal cognitive process. It is generally recognised that these less obvious cognitive deficits (including memory, language, perception, attention, and executive disorders) militate against full recovery often to a greater extent than more traditional medical deficits (e.g. paralysis, sensory loss, etc.). Recognition of this has helped fuel the exponential growth in cognitive neuropsychology and neuroscience over the past thirty years. In turn, this theoretical approach has been used to guide and inform the development of cognitive therapies designed to remediate cognitive impairments and their functional consequences. Cognitive rehabilitation has over the last decade grown to become an established and influential therapeutic approach. There is now a considerable body of knowledge describing the principles and theoretical basis for analysing and directing treatments to selective cognitive deficits. Despite this, the clinical effectiveness and extent to which cognitive theory can inform therapeutic treatment has been questioned. It is timely, therefore, to evaluate and discuss the type and quality of evidence used in support of cognitive rehabilitation.Less
Many patients with brain damage are left with a range of neuropsychological deficits that impair normal cognitive process. It is generally recognised that these less obvious cognitive deficits (including memory, language, perception, attention, and executive disorders) militate against full recovery often to a greater extent than more traditional medical deficits (e.g. paralysis, sensory loss, etc.). Recognition of this has helped fuel the exponential growth in cognitive neuropsychology and neuroscience over the past thirty years. In turn, this theoretical approach has been used to guide and inform the development of cognitive therapies designed to remediate cognitive impairments and their functional consequences. Cognitive rehabilitation has over the last decade grown to become an established and influential therapeutic approach. There is now a considerable body of knowledge describing the principles and theoretical basis for analysing and directing treatments to selective cognitive deficits. Despite this, the clinical effectiveness and extent to which cognitive theory can inform therapeutic treatment has been questioned. It is timely, therefore, to evaluate and discuss the type and quality of evidence used in support of cognitive rehabilitation.
Paul W. Glimcher
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199744251
- eISBN:
- 9780199863433
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199744251.001.0001
- Subject:
- Psychology, Neuropsychology
A new academic field, neuroeconomics, has emerged at the border of the social and natural sciences. This book argues that a meaningful interdisciplinary synthesis of the study of human and animal ...
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A new academic field, neuroeconomics, has emerged at the border of the social and natural sciences. This book argues that a meaningful interdisciplinary synthesis of the study of human and animal choice is not only desirable, but also well underway, and so it is time to develop formally a foundational approach for the field. This book does so by laying the philosophical and empirical groundwork and integrating the theory of choice and valuation with the relevant physical constraints and mechanisms. While there has been an intense debate about the value and prospects of neuroeconomics, this book argues that existing data from neuroeconomics' three parent fields—neuroscience, psychology, and economics—already specify the basic features of the primate choice mechanism at all three levels of analysis. Its central argument is that combining these three disciplines gives us enough insight to define many of the fundamental features of decision making that have previously eluded scholars working within each individual field.Less
A new academic field, neuroeconomics, has emerged at the border of the social and natural sciences. This book argues that a meaningful interdisciplinary synthesis of the study of human and animal choice is not only desirable, but also well underway, and so it is time to develop formally a foundational approach for the field. This book does so by laying the philosophical and empirical groundwork and integrating the theory of choice and valuation with the relevant physical constraints and mechanisms. While there has been an intense debate about the value and prospects of neuroeconomics, this book argues that existing data from neuroeconomics' three parent fields—neuroscience, psychology, and economics—already specify the basic features of the primate choice mechanism at all three levels of analysis. Its central argument is that combining these three disciplines gives us enough insight to define many of the fundamental features of decision making that have previously eluded scholars working within each individual field.
John Marshall
Jennifer Gurd and Udo Kischka (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199234110
- eISBN:
- 9780191594250
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199234110.001.0001
- Subject:
- Psychology, Neuropsychology, Clinical Psychology
The past thirty years have seen the field of clinical neuropsychology grow to become an influential discipline within mainstream clinical psychology and an established component of most professional ...
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The past thirty years have seen the field of clinical neuropsychology grow to become an influential discipline within mainstream clinical psychology and an established component of most professional courses. It remains one of the fastest growing specialities within mainstream clinical psychology, neurology, and the psychiatric disciplines. Updated to take account of these rapid developments, this book contains chapters that demonstrate the contribution that neuropsychological approaches can make to the assessment, diagnosis, and range of treatments for cognitive disorders following brain damage, as well as addressing the special considerations when treating the elderly. The book is divided into ten sections, covering everything from methodological and conceptual issues, functional neuroanatomy, and the historical context. Throughout, the content draws on contemporary neuroscientific techniques, focusing on the methods of functional imaging, cognitive psychology, cognitive neuropsychology, neuropsychiatry, and cognitive rehabilitation. It also provides background information on laboratory and research techniques, as well as covering relevant neurology and psychiatry.Less
The past thirty years have seen the field of clinical neuropsychology grow to become an influential discipline within mainstream clinical psychology and an established component of most professional courses. It remains one of the fastest growing specialities within mainstream clinical psychology, neurology, and the psychiatric disciplines. Updated to take account of these rapid developments, this book contains chapters that demonstrate the contribution that neuropsychological approaches can make to the assessment, diagnosis, and range of treatments for cognitive disorders following brain damage, as well as addressing the special considerations when treating the elderly. The book is divided into ten sections, covering everything from methodological and conceptual issues, functional neuroanatomy, and the historical context. Throughout, the content draws on contemporary neuroscientific techniques, focusing on the methods of functional imaging, cognitive psychology, cognitive neuropsychology, neuropsychiatry, and cognitive rehabilitation. It also provides background information on laboratory and research techniques, as well as covering relevant neurology and psychiatry.
Harold G. Koenig and Harvey J. Cohen
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- April 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195143607
- eISBN:
- 9780199893256
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195143607.001.0001
- Subject:
- Psychology, Neuropsychology
This book presents new medical research establishing a connection between religion and health and examines the implications for Eastern and Western religious traditions and for society and culture. ...
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This book presents new medical research establishing a connection between religion and health and examines the implications for Eastern and Western religious traditions and for society and culture. It examines a series of psychoneuroimmunology (PNI) topics that relate to religious faith and behavior. PNI studies the relationships between mental states and the nervous, endocrine, and immune systems. Among the issues explored are how mental states in general and belief states in particular affect physical health. The book argues that religious involvement and belief can affect certain neuroendocrine and immune mechanisms, and that these mechanisms, in turn, positively affect a wide variety of health outcomes such as susceptibility to cancer and recovery following surgery.Less
This book presents new medical research establishing a connection between religion and health and examines the implications for Eastern and Western religious traditions and for society and culture. It examines a series of psychoneuroimmunology (PNI) topics that relate to religious faith and behavior. PNI studies the relationships between mental states and the nervous, endocrine, and immune systems. Among the issues explored are how mental states in general and belief states in particular affect physical health. The book argues that religious involvement and belief can affect certain neuroendocrine and immune mechanisms, and that these mechanisms, in turn, positively affect a wide variety of health outcomes such as susceptibility to cancer and recovery following surgery.
Jonathan Cole
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- August 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780198778875
- eISBN:
- 9780191834608
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198778875.001.0001
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Neuroscience, Neuropsychology
Ian Waterman lost touch and movement/position sense (proprioception) below the neck over 40 years ago, though pain and temperature perception and his peripheral movement nerves were unaffected. ...
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Ian Waterman lost touch and movement/position sense (proprioception) below the neck over 40 years ago, though pain and temperature perception and his peripheral movement nerves were unaffected. Without proprioceptive feedback he was completely unable to move and felt both disembodied and frightened. Then, slowly, he taught himself to dress, eat, and walk by thinking about each movement and with visual supervision. Through his experiences we can better understand proprioception. The narrative moves between biography and the scientific research he has been involved in. He has been married three times and built up successful careers in disability access audit, using his impairment to his advantage, and in rare turkey breeding and journalism. The neuroscience has led to data on movement without feedback, the pleasantness of touch, gesture, pain, and orientation of the body in space. This account shows how the science was actually done but also reveals Ian’s journey from passive subject to informed critic of science and scientists. His unique response to such a rare condition has also led to a BBC documentary, theatrical portrayals, and a weightless flight with NASA. As a young man Ian sought triumph over his impairment; now, nearly 65, he has more mature reflections on living with such an extraordinary loss, the limits it has imposed, and the opportunities it has enabled. He gives his views on scientists and on others he has met including Oliver Sacks and Peter Brook. In an Afterword those from science, the arts, and philosophy give an appreciation of his contribution.Less
Ian Waterman lost touch and movement/position sense (proprioception) below the neck over 40 years ago, though pain and temperature perception and his peripheral movement nerves were unaffected. Without proprioceptive feedback he was completely unable to move and felt both disembodied and frightened. Then, slowly, he taught himself to dress, eat, and walk by thinking about each movement and with visual supervision. Through his experiences we can better understand proprioception. The narrative moves between biography and the scientific research he has been involved in. He has been married three times and built up successful careers in disability access audit, using his impairment to his advantage, and in rare turkey breeding and journalism. The neuroscience has led to data on movement without feedback, the pleasantness of touch, gesture, pain, and orientation of the body in space. This account shows how the science was actually done but also reveals Ian’s journey from passive subject to informed critic of science and scientists. His unique response to such a rare condition has also led to a BBC documentary, theatrical portrayals, and a weightless flight with NASA. As a young man Ian sought triumph over his impairment; now, nearly 65, he has more mature reflections on living with such an extraordinary loss, the limits it has imposed, and the opportunities it has enabled. He gives his views on scientists and on others he has met including Oliver Sacks and Peter Brook. In an Afterword those from science, the arts, and philosophy give an appreciation of his contribution.
